How to Ensure a Class is not Copyable or Movable -- Sandor Dargo

By Blog Staff | Dec 31, 2024 10:53 AM | Tags: None

The topic of this post is to show different ways to ensure that a class is either non-moveable or non-copyable.

How to Ensure a Class is not Copyable or Movable

by Sandor Dargo

From the article:

If we follow the classification proposed by Sebastian Theophil, we can talk about 4 different class types:

• value classes
• container classes
• resource classes
• singleton classes

While the first two should be regular classes offering both copy and move semantics, the latter two are different. One shouldn’t be able to copy resources and singletons probably shouldn’t be moveable.

It’s up to us to ensure that a class we create implements the right special member functions (SMFs from now on). And the Hinnant table is here to guide us.

In C++, How Can I Make a Default Parameter be the This Pointer of the Caller? -- Raymond Chen

By Blog Staff | Dec 27, 2024 10:47 AM | Tags: None

In C++, associating member objects like properties or events with their containing class often requires passing this redundantly. This article explores a generalized, flexible solution using templates, variadic arguments, and deducing this to streamline ownership initialization without boilerplate.

In C++, How Can I Make a Default Parameter be the This Pointer of the Caller? Revisited

by Raymond Chen

From the article:

Some time ago, we looked at making the default parameter of a method be the this pointer of the caller. The scenario was something like this:

struct Property
{
    Property(char const* name, int initial, Object* owner) :
        m_name(name), m_value(initial), m_owner(owner) {}

    ⟦ other methods elided - use your imagination ⟧

    char const* m_name;
    Object* m_owner;
    int m_value;
};

struct Widget : Object
{
    Property Height{ "Height", 10, this };
    Property Width{ "Width", 10, this };
};

and we didn’t want to have to type this as the last parameter to all the Property constructors. We came up with this:

template<typename D>
struct PropertyHelper
{
    Property Prop(char const* name, int initial)
    { return Property(name, initial, static_cast<D*>(this)); }
};

struct Widget : Object, PropertyHelper<Widget>
{
    Property Height = Prop("Height", 10);
    Property Width = Prop("Width", 10);
};

The Operations for Reading and Writing Single Elements for C++ Standard Library Maps -- Raymond Chen

By Blog Staff | Dec 23, 2024 01:33 PM | Tags: None

Some time ago, I noted that the std::map subscript operator is an attractive nuisance. It is the most convenient syntax, but is not often what you actually want.

The Operations for Reading and Writing Single Elements for C++ Standard Library Maps

by Raymond Chen

From the article:

I’ve broken down the various std::map lookup and update operations into a table so you can choose the best one for your situation.

In the table above, key is the map key, value is the mapped type, and params are parameters to the mapped type constructor.

Note that insert and the first emplace¹ take a value which is discarded if it turns out that the key already exists. This is undesirable if creating the value is expensive.

One frustrating scenario is the case where the mapped type’s default constructor is not the constructor you want to use for operator[], or if you want the initial mapped value to be the result of a function call rather than a constructor. Here’s something I sort of threw together.

C++ Online 2025 Registration now Open

By philsquared | Dec 21, 2024 01:27 PM | Tags: None

C++ Online conference and workshop tickets are now available:

C++ Online 2025 Registration Now Open!

by C++ Online

From the article:

We’re excited to announce that ticket sales for C++Online 2025 are officially open! Join us from 26th - 28th February for three days packed with expert talks, networking, and interactive virtual experiences—all from the comfort of your own home.

Trip Report: Fall ISO C++ Meeting in Wrocław, Poland -- Jonathan Müller

By Blog Staff | Dec 20, 2024 10:57 AM | Tags: None

Jonathan Müller attended the fall 2024 meeting of the ISO C++ standardization committee in Wrocław, Poland. This was the fifth meeting for the upcoming C++26 standard and the feature freeze for major C++26 features.

Trip Report: Fall ISO C++ Meeting in Wrocław, Poland

by Jonathan Müller

From the article:

For an overview of all the papers that made progress, read Herb Sutter's trip report. Contracts and profiles are the big ticket items that made the most progress this meeting. Contracts is forwarded to wording review, while still being fiercely opposed by some. Profiles is essentially standardized static analysis to improve memory safety, although some deem it ineffective. Due to various scheduling conflicts I did not attend any of the relevant discussions in these spaces. Instead, I am going to share my thoughts about ranges, relocation, and reflection.

Ranges

I've spent the first day and a half co-chairing SG 9, the study group for std::ranges. During discussions, we realized two big holes in the range library that we need to address as soon as possible. They both concern the concept of sized ranges.

The first hole is related to proposal P3179—C++ parallel range algorithms, which adds an execution policy to the algorithms in std::ranges. This makes it trivial to run multi-threaded algorithms: Instead of writing std::ranges::transform(vec, output, fn), you write std::ranges::transform(std::execution::par, vec, output, fn) and now your input is split into multiple chunks and processed in parallel.

The Puzzle of Trying to Put an Object into a std::optional -- Raymond Chen

By Blog Staff | Dec 11, 2024 01:04 PM | Tags: None

The std::optional<T> is a powerful tool for handling optional values, but assigning non-trivial types like Doodad to it can lead to unexpected compilation errors. This post explores why such assignments fail and unpacks the nuances of std::optional and type construction in modern C++.

The Puzzle of Trying to Put an Object into a std::optional

by Raymond Chen

From the article:

The C++ standard library template type std::optional<T> has one of two states. It could be empty (not contain anything), or it could contain a T.

Suppose you start with an empty std::optional<T>. How do you put a T into it?

One of my colleagues tried to do it in what seemed to be the most natural way: Use the assignment operator.

struct Doodad
{
    Doodad();
    ~Doodad();
    std::unique_ptr<DoodadStuff> m_stuff;
};

struct Widget
{
    std::optional<Doodad> m_doodad;

    Widget()
    {
        if (doodads_enabled()) {
            // I guess we need a Doodad too.
            Doodad d;
            m_doodad = d;
        }
    }
};

Unfortunately, the assignment failed to compile:

Implicit String Conversions to Booleans -- Sandor Dargo

By Blog Staff | Dec 9, 2024 12:59 PM | Tags: None

In this article, we'll learn about -Wstring-conversion, something I learned from C++ Brain Teasers by Anders Schau Knatten](https://www.sandordargo.com/blog/2024/10/16/cpp-brain-teasers). Clang offers this compiler warning which fires on implicit conversions from C-strings to bools.

Implicit String Conversions to Booleans

by Sandor Dargo

From the article:

Let’s start with the first part by explaining why such an implicit conversion is possible. A string literal is an array of const chars. Arrays can be converted into pointers, something we talked about last week when we discussed why spans are so useful. This is also called decay. Furthermore, pointers can be converted into booleans. That is how a string literal can be converted into a bool.

static_assert(!!"" == true);
static_assert(static_cast<bool>("") == true);

What might be surprising though is that even an empty string literal is converted into true. The reason is that only a nullptr would be converted into false, but an empty string literal is an array of a size of one so it’s not a nullptr. As a result, "" converted to true. The possible confusion is that the one character in that array of one is the \0 terminator. But this shouldn’t really matter. You shouldn’t use such shady implicit conversions.

We could end this article right here. But life is not ideal and I tried to turn on -Wstring-conversion in a production codebase where I found a few different cases of string literals conversions.

Around the World in C++: Exploring Time Zones with std::chrono -- Bartlomiej Filipek

By Blog Staff | Dec 6, 2024 12:55 PM | Tags: None

While most time zones use simple hour offsets from UTC, some regions have chosen unusual time differences. In this blog post, we’ll explore how we can discover such zones using C++20’s chrono library.

Around the World in C++: Exploring Time Zones with std::chrono

by Bartlomiej Filipek

From the article:

We’ll use GCC 14.2 as it fully supports C++20 chrono and also std::print from C++23.

First Attempt: Basic Zone Iteration

C++20 introduced comprehensive time zone support through the <chrono> library. The implementation relies on the IANA Time Zone Database (also known as the “tz database” or “zoneinfo”), which is the de facto standard for time zone information used by most operating systems and programming languages.

The Time Zone Database

In C++20, the time zone database is represented by the tzdb class:

Use std::span Instead of C-style Arrays -- Sandor Dargo

By Blog Staff | Dec 3, 2024 12:52 PM | Tags: None

C-style arrays are still used, mostly when you have to deal with C-libraries. They come with significant limitations, particularly when passed to functions where array decay occurs, leading to the loss of size information.

Use std::span Instead of C-style Arrays

by Sandor Dargo

From the article:

While reading the awesome book C++ Brain Teasers by Anders Schau Knatten, I realized it might be worth writing about spans.

std::span is a class template that was added to the standard library in C++20 and you’ll find it in the <span> header. A span is a non-owning object that refers to a contiguous sequence of objects with the first sequence element at position zero.

In its goal, a span is quite similar to a string_view. While a string_view is a non-owning view of string-like objects, a span is also a non-owning view for array-like objects where the stored elements occupy contiguous places in memory.

While it’s possible to use spans with vectors and arrays, most frequently it will be used with C-style arrays because a span gives you safe access to its elements and also to the size of the view, something that you don’t get with C-style arrays.

When and why does it come in handy?

What is the Current Time Around the World? -- Bartlomiej Filipek

By Blog Staff | Nov 28, 2024 12:46 PM | Tags: None

In this blog post, we will explore handling dates using std::chrono, including time zones. We’ll utilize the latest features of the library to retrieve the current time across various time zones, taking into account daylight saving time changes as well. Additionally, we will incorporate new capabilities introduced in C++23, such as enhanced printing functions and more.

What is the Current Time Around the World? Utilizing std::chrono with Time Zones in C++23

by Bartlomiej Filipek

From the article:

Let’s start with the following code that prints the current date and time:

#include <chrono>
#include <print>

int main() {
    auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
    std::print("now is {}", now);
}

You can run it through Compiler Explorer

In my session, I’m getting the following results:

Now is 2024-11-01 11:44:06.374573703