Quick A: undefined behaviour can result in anything.

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Function not called in code gets called at runtime

The program contains undefined behavior, as dereferencing a null pointer (i.e. calling foo() in main without assigning a valid address to it beforehand) is UB, therefore no requirements are imposed by the standard.

Executing never_called at runtime is a perfect valid situation when undefined behavior has been hit, it's as valid as just crashing (like when compiled with GCC). Okay, but why is Clang doing that? If you compile it with optimizations off, the program will no longer output "formatting hard disk drive", and will just crash...